Assessing the Effects of the Asteroid on Dinosaurs

Assessing the Effects of the Asteroid on Dinosaurs The most widely accepted cause for the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs, at the end of the Cretaceous period, is the asteroid impact. The theory suggests that the impact of a giant asteroid, over 65 million years ago, wiped out the land roaming dinosaurs that inhabited the Earth for the entirety of the Mesozoic period (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). The impact of this giant asteroid had many catastrophic effects on life, habitats, environments, sunlight, and temperature, proving to be devastating on the life of dinosaurs (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). However, which of the impacts of this asteroid was most devastating to non-avian dinosaur life remains a question. An examination of several effects of the asteroid, will help us determine which factors proved to be most troublesome to dinosaurs, which effects could have been adapted and overcome, and which would pull out a critical peg in the food chain, thereby forcing the ecosystems stability to become unbalanced and dysfunctional. So, the a steroid at the end of the cretaceous period was destructive and disastrous, but what factors made it so detrimental to dinosaurian life? Firstly, why is the asteroid the most widely accepted theory as the cause of the dinosaur extinction? What evidence do we have that makes it convincing? The first piece of evidence that points towards an asteroid impact is the fossils of single-celled marine animals. Their fossil accumulation is fairly large, and their extinction appeared to be incredibly abrupt (Alvarez and Asaro,1990). This revelation is also evident in medium sized animals, as their extinctions also appear to be unusually abrupt (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). This abruptness suggests a sudden catastrophic event to be the cause of the extinction, rather than a gradual decline. Coupled with this, through study of strata by Jan Smith and Isabella Premoli, we see that the extinction could have been as short as 50-1000 years (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990).ÂÂ   But why is the cause of this rapid change an asteroid? The answer is in iridium. Iridium is an element that is quite rare in the earths crust, however it is quite ab undant in primitive stony meteorites. And upon studying the data from the time frame of the extinction, there appears to be drastically more iridium than in other time periods (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). About 95 sites throughout the world have confirmed remarkably high levels of iridium in the limestone sediments from that period (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). These elevated levels of iridium provide clear evidence for an extraterrestrial impact. The minerals apparent in this time frame are also indicative of an asteroid. Mineral spherules were found chemically altered in the KT boundary clay. These spherules started as basaltic rock (Alvarez, 1990). Now, an asteroid with this level of lethal power would most certainly leave its mark on the Earth. It is believed that this mark is the Chicxulub Crater in Mexico, a massive 180 km crater (Hildebrand, 1992). Knowing the magnitude of this mark will then help us determine what the effects were, and, ultimately, what were some of the most detr imental towards dinosaurian life. Before we assess the factors, however, we must first confirm that dinosaurian life was not gradually declining, or in the process of extinction, before this abrupt impact. For, if dinosaurian life was already in the downswing, then the asteroid impact may be regarded as less important, less detrimental, and no longer synonymous with the extinction of dinosaurs. While some studies seem to suggest that dinosaurian life was in a decline during the late Cretaceous period, one study in particular seems to suggest otherwise. The article, Dinosaur Morphological Diversity and the end-Cretaceous extinction explains how, in most clades, the disparity remained relatively consistent during the late Cretaceous (Brusatte, Butler, Preto-Marquez, Norell, 2012). It demonstrates how the carnivorous theropod, and small-medium sized, herbivorous dinosaur disparity was consistent throughout the period, showing no major changes in diversity (Brusatte et al. 2012). Also, the large sauropod dinosaurs withou t advanced chewing capabilities may have even seen an increase in disparity, while the ones with the advanced chewing abilities were showing a decrease (Brusatte et al. 2012). This suggests more of an evolutionary change rather than a trend towards extinction. The studies from the Hell Creek Formation that seemed to represent a decline in dinosaurian diversity before the end of the Cretaceous, may, then be perceived as a unique, local anomaly, rather than a representation of global diversity (Brusatte et al. 2012). For, it appeared that the diversity of species could differ based on geographical location, and one data set would not be an accurate representation of the period as a whole (Brusatte et al. 2012). Thus, the study confirms that the variability in dinosaurian morphology was, both clade and region specific (Brusatte et al. 2012), further exemplifying that the decline was not apparent throughout the globe. This information allows us to then make the assumption that dinosaurs were still, in fact, thriving at the time of the asteroid impact. Making the consequences that followed an unwarranted and unfair ending to a fascinating era in history. First consider the direct effects of the asteroid impact. The most immediate impacts of the asteroid would be devastating to the dinosaurs who found themselves unlucky enough to be near where it landed. An asteroid that was, theoretically, 10 km long, due to the kinetic energy, would create an explosion 10,000 times that of the entire worlds supply of nuclear power (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). The impact alone had the ability to create winds as fast as 1000 km/h near where the asteroid hit (Kring, 2007). This high wind speed would have the ability to create local fires, and wipe out vegetation and animal life in the area (Kring, 2007). These local fires had the energy to spread, likely, from 1500 km-4000 km from where the impact occurred (Kring, 2007). The mushroom cloud of this explosion would be approximately 10 kilometres high, have a temperature of up to 10 000 degrees Celsius, and would wipe out anything within sight of the fireball (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990) (Kring, 2007). It is a lso estimated that the dust in the air would be so dense that one would be unable to see their hand for several months after the explosion (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). This dust would cause major respiratory problems for any dinosaur near the explosion, and would likely render them unable to breathe. However, the only problem wasnt airborne, it was in water as well. Another detrimental effect created by the initial impact of the asteroid was tsunamis. Tsunamis enveloped the entire coastline of the Gulf of Mexico, reaching North America in the process (Matsui et al., 2002). The tsunamis were truly massive, extending to a height of 200 m and stretching along 300 km of coastline (Matsui et al., 2002). The tsunamis would first collapse onto the coast, a distance of 150 m inland, before receding powerfully back to the water (Matsui et al., 2002). These tsunamis would be catastrophic to coastal vegetation and dinosaurian life; however, the damage would have had more of a regional effect rather than a global one. The tsunamis were also present for little more than a day, making it not a recurring, long-term issue, but a short-term effect (Kring, 2007). While most inland dinosaurs were likely spared from these tsunamis, they did not, however, find themselves in the clear. Plant life, the vegetation that allows animals to breathe, thrives on the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis, in turn, relies on sunlight. The significant levels of dust in the atmosphere would have spread rapidly throughout the planet, blocking out the sun, causing darkness and an impact winter (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). This blocking of sunlight was predicted to have killed anywhere from 57-80% of North Americas vegetation (Archibald, 2012). This kind of catastrophic massacre of vegetation would have been undoubtedly impactful on the herbivorous dinosaurs (Archibald, 2012). Especially, one might assume, large sauropods that required substantial levels of nutrients and energy to survive. And, according to the food chain, a loss of herbivorous dinosaurs would prove costly to the carnivorous theropods that fed on them. The dust from the impact also created atmospheric cooling, however, just how cold it made Earth is still in question (Kring, 2007). This surface cooling, however , didnt last long, and was eventually replaced by extreme temperature increases. These extreme temperature increases, once the dust subsided, were a result of the ozone destruction in the atmosphere. Ozone destroying Cl and Br can be produced from the vaporized projectile, vaporized target lithologies, and biomass burning (Kring, 2007), showing that lethal changes in nitrogen chemistry, created by the asteroid, leaked into the atmosphere. Over five times more chlorine that is required to destroy our current ozone layer was dispersed throughout the stratosphere at this time (Kring, 2007). A greenhouse gas that we have become so acquainted with in todays society, was also working with the same diligence after the asteroid impact. Water and carbon dioxide were released after the impact of the asteroid, and once the dust settled, the impact winter shifted into global warming (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). Carbon dioxide would have lasted longer than the dust from the impact, so its association in this sequence of natural disasters seems logically accurate (Kring, 2007). Based on evidence from carbon dioxide that was added to the atmosphere, it is projected that it would increase the global temperature anywhere from 1-7.5 degrees Celsius (Kring, 2007). Despite this evidence, it is unclear how large of an impact this global warming had on the dinosaurs, for the destruction of vegetation caused by the dust in the atmosphere appears to be the driving force behind the extinction (Archibald, 2012). But was the sunlight blocking mechanism of the dust the only damage inflicted by the aerosols? Dust had the capability to attack in a vertical, gravity driven onslaught on the helpless dinosaurs. Evidence shows that the impact of the asteroid can create nitric acid rain in the atmosphere (Kring, 2007). This acid rain would surely be devastating to any dinosaur that found itself under this caustic weather. It was even described as, an acid rain with a vengeance (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990), only reiterating the devastating effect the acid rain could have produced. Now, this acid rain may have not lasted long, for it is predicted that it only fell anywhere from a couple months to a few years (Kring, 2007). Nitric acid was not alone in its onslaught. It is believed it was coupled with sulfuric acid rain (Kring, 2007). The sulfuric acid rain emerged as nitric acids accomplice because the Chicxulub region was abundant in anhydrite (Kring, 2007). This deadly combination certainly sounds imposing, but much like the global warming, the magnitude of its impact on the non-avian dinosaur ex tinction is questionable. This is because acid rain is generally most effective against aquatic organisms, but aquatic organisms survived quite well through the K/T boundary (Archibald, 2012). Their survival serves to diminish the effectiveness of the acid rain. This is not to say that the acid rain was underwhelming, though, only that it was limited in its ability to cause a major extinction. One result of the impact that contributed to the dust was global wildfires. The severity, location, and longevity of these fires is, however, uncertain (Kring, 2007). The global abundance of soot suggests that the fires were almost everywhere. However, soot has the ability to travel through air, enabling it to settle in the ground where there wasnt a fire (Kring, 2007). Some model calculations also seem to suggest that the temperatures on the surface of the earth may have been hot enough to spark into a fire almost randomly (Kring, 2007). Our ability to predict the vastness of the global fires relies on our understanding of the mass of the ejecta, how easily the vegetation lights, and the rate in which it can spread (Kring, 2007). Depending on these factors, the wildfires may have been limited to more of a local fire, rather than a global one (Kring, 2007). The speculation surrounding the impact of global wildfires appears to be unpredictable and baseless, including the prediction of it destroying 25% of all biomass (Archibald, 2012). Overall, it seems the lack of evidence found in the minimal amounts of charcoal, and a limited fossil record, outweigh the theories of a devastating global wildfire (Archibald, 2012). These sources display that a wildfire was almost certainly local, but unlikely to be global. With all of these factors, now compiled, that followed the asteroids impact, can we come to a claim as to which was the most destructive? The dinosaurs extinction most certainly hinged on several factors, however, it appears that one in particular proved to be the most effective. The factor that most sufficiently damaged the survival of the thriving dinosaurians was, through the evidence above, the dust and aerosols that served to block out the sunlight. The loss of vegetation, sunlight, and heat directly drilled a fatal hole in the food chain. Losing vegetation, then herbivores, then carnivores, appeared to not only cause the ecosystem to dwindle, but caused it to be rid from non-avian dinosaurian life. The impact itself was an imposing warning, the dust was the main force of destruction, and the acid rain, global warming, wildfires, and loss of ozone were supplementary, inconclusive forces. Although this unimaginable series of events is approached with mostly scientific fascination and curiosity, and perhaps melancholy for the loss of dinosaurs, it could also be viewed as a notable and necessary precursor to the introduction of other lifeforms on Earth. For, without this dinosaur extinction, the tiny mammals that occupied the earth would be restricted in their evolution, ruled over, and unable to transition into vast abundance (Alvarez and Asaro, 1990). Highly intelligent humans stemmed from the survival of these mammals, and, in turn, stemmed from the impact of that fatal asteroid 65 million years ago. List of Works Cited Alvarez, W., Asaro, F. (1990). An extraterrestrial impact. Scientific American, 263(4), 78-84. Brusatte, S. L., Butler, R. J., Prieto-MÃ ¡rquez, A., Norell, M. A. (2012). Dinosaur morphological diversity and the end-Cretaceous extinction. Nature Communications, 3, 804. Silver, L. T., Schultz, P. H. (Eds.). (1983). Geological implications of impacts of large asteroids and comets on the Earth (Vol. 190). Geological Society of America. Archibald, J. D. (2012). Dinosaur extinction: Past and present perceptions. The Complete Dinosaur, 1027-1038. Kring, D. A. (2007). The Chicxulub impact event and its environmental consequences at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 255(1), 4-21. Matsui, T., Imamura, F., Tajika, E., Nakano, Y., Fujisawa, Y. (2002). Generation and propagation of a tsunami from the Cretaceous-Tertiary impact event. SPECIAL PAPERS-GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 69-78.

Legal Aspects of Health Care

In determining the liability of the parties, it is necessary that the following be first established by the claimant: a) duty; b) breach of duty; c) causation; d) injury. (â€Å"Tort† p. 1) It is clear that once a patient enters the premises of the hospital, an implied contract is thereby created and the hospital is under obligation to attend to the needs of the patient with due care and diligence. This duty was however breached when the hospital employees failed to provide immediate attention to the patient’s needs despite the urgency and immediacy of the situation. It is also clear that the delay of more than one hour from the time the patient was admitted to the hospital despite the finding that the patient needed to undergo immediate surgery is a breach of that duty of care. There is also a proximate cause between the breach and the injury suffered by the patient, which is partial paralysis of his hands. The question left to be determined is who is responsible for the damage suffered. In this case, the nurse committed a breach of her duty of care and was negligent. Instead of giving immediate medical attention to the patient, the nurse decided to first determine if the patient is covered by insurance. The surgeon also committed a breach of his duty of care and due diligence to patient. The medical profession is founded on the duty of due diligence which doctors owe to their patients. In this case, despite the finding of the need for immediate surgery the surgeon merely proceeded to his way without even referring the patient to other doctors who are on duty and who are not on break. The x-ray technologist was likewise negligent when he failed to deliver the x-rays to the radiologist for examination despite the urgency of the situation. The fact that there are other patients in the hospital is not an excuse since every hospital is required by law to have an adequate number of medical personnel to attend to the needs of all its patients. Finding that the hospital employees are negligent, the City General Hospital itself cannot escape its liability. Hospitals can no longer escape their liability under the doctrine of charitable immunity. Karen A. Dean, 1999 p. 1) Under the doctrine of resondeat superior, the negligence of its employees is imputed to them because they are the ones who have control and supervision of their employees. The fact that the hospital is not negligent is not a defense so long as it can be proven that its employees were negligent. Further the recent trend in the new cases is that it is no longer a defense that there is no employer-employee relationship between the physician or the x-ray technician or the nurse to escape its liability (Gene A. Blumenreich p. ) The immunity from liability of hospitals is being restricted by the recent cases. The 1992 case of Uhr vs. Lutheran General Hospital (226 Ill. App. 3d 236, 589 N. E. 2d 723) confirms that a hospital may be held liable for the negligent acts of an independent contractor. Consider also the 1993 case of Gilbert v. Sycamore Community Hospital where the Illinois Supreme Court abrogated the common-law immunity of hospitals for Independent Contractor negligence (156 Ill. 2d 511, 622 N. E. 2d 788) Ib. Yes. The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) applies in this case. The law imposes upon hospitals the obligation to provide medical screening examination to determine whether an emergency medical condition exists. This medical screening examination must be conducted regardless of the Medicare status, insurance coverage or the ability to pay of the patient. (Daris McNelice p. 1) The failure to discharge this obligation renders the hospital liable for civil damages to the injury that the patient may suffer. In this case, the nurse who attended the patient when he arrived for treatment did not immediately conduct medical screening examination to determine the patient’s condition. The act of the nurse in providing the patient with a towel was far short of the obligation required by law. Instead the nurse made an inquiry whether the patient is covered by insurance. Though the law does not prohibit the hospital from inquiring into the ability to pay of the patient, it does require that this inquiry should not delay the conduct of the medical screening examination. The purpose of the law is clear which is to protect against discrimination against patients. This was violated in this case. The patient was lucky that he bumped into a surgeon who determined that he is in a serious medical condition. Despite this however, the hospital still failed to provide proper medical attention to the patient despite the finding that an emergency medical condition exists. Because of the hospital’s failure to comply with the provisions of the said law it may be held liable for damages. 2. The liability for negligence of the nurse, surgeon and the x-ray technologist is distinct and separate. Their liability is independent of each other. It is not a defense in tort cases that the negligence of one is superior to another. The only determining point is that there was a breach of duty committed by these hospital employees and that this breach was the proximate cause of the injury of the patient. As such, the patient who was injured may hold them liable together with the hospital in one suit. However, ordinarily the patients only file suit for damages against the hospital. In case he is able to recover, the hospital has the option of filing claims against these negligent employees who are solidarily liable for their negligence to the hospital. Legal Aspects of Health Care Nowadays, most health care organizations are well equipped with standards and laws concerned in the provision of health care supervision and management. Yet, many health care organizations face legal issues regarding their conduct especially with regards to patients’ rights, institutional legal responsibility, opposing trust and relationship with the employees. The article entitled Traditional Theories of Liability enumerated four theories of liability dealing mostly with the patients concerns.These theories of liability are as follows: Negligence (or Direct Liability) for Injuries Caused by Cost Containment Measures discusses that health care organization can be held responsible for the negligence committed that can cause impairment to the patient under their supervision. In simple terms, negligence is a careless act of the health care provider towards a patient. A health care provider is held liable for a negligent act according to Tiwari and Baldwa if â€Å"the damage is s o obvious that there is no need for any proof of negligence like operating on the wrong part of the body of the patient or undertaking a wrong process of operating (Tiwari & Baldwa, 2001).†The Corporate Negligence Doctrine stresses out on the responsibility of the hospital itself to provide health care to its patient. As stated by Randall, â€Å"Corporation negligence will hold an organization liable for the careless performance of a provider when the organization was negligent in hiring or supervising the provider itself (Randall, 1999) .â€Å"Respondeat Superior Doctrine, as pointed out by Randall, â€Å" the employer is held responsible for the neglectful acts of an employee provider even though the employer itself has not acted negligently (Randall, 1999).† The employer (hospital itself) is held liable for the careless act inflicted by an independent contractor.According to Randall, â€Å"Ostensible agency liability is a type of explicit liability in which a heal th care organization can be apprehended liable for a health care provider's negligence (Randall, 1999).†A case where in the negligence of the doctors and other medical providers were committed was the case of Darryl Dukes versus U.S. Healthcare, Inc., Germantown Hospital and Medical Center; William W. Banks, M.D; Charles R. Drew Mental Health Center; Edward B. Hosten, M.D. Darryl Dukes, having an ear problem, consulted his physician, William W. Banks.As stated on the case provided by FindLaw,† Darryl underwent a surgery and Banks organized a recommendation asking for blood studies. Darryl handed that medical recommendation to the laboratory of Germantown Hospital and Medical Center but the hospital declined to carry out the tests. The hospital did not provide any explanation for their negative response (â€Å"D.C. Civil Action No. 93-cv-00577†, 2006).† After that, Dukes sought for a second opinion from Dr. Edward B. Hosten, M.D who also asked him to undergo a blood test. Dukes medical condition got worse and he died. It was stated by the article provided by the FindLaw that â€Å"Darryl's blood sugar level was very high. That condition purportedly could have been detected through a well-timed blood test(â€Å"D.C. Civil Action No. 93-cv-00577†, 2006).†The case, dealing more on the negligence of the medical provider, had gone through a long and critical process. As cleared by the case, â€Å"Dukes’ family filed a suit against organization through which Darryl, being a member of Health Maintenance Organization, accepted his medical treatment. The HMO is considered responsible for the wrongful conduct of doctors and other health care   providers which is under the discussion of ostensible theory (â€Å"D.C. Civil Action No. 93-cv-00577†, 2006).† The case was dismissed and the court granted the HMO’s motion because according to the statement on the article (FindLaw), â€Å"any ostensible agency claim ought to be made on the basis of what the assistance arrangement provides and is consequently associated to it(â€Å"D.C. Civil Action No. 93-cv-00577†, 2006)†ReferencesDukes v. United States Health Care Sys., Inc. , 848 F. Supp. 39, 42 (E.D. Pa. 1994) (UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2006).Randall, V. R. ( 1999). Traditional Theories of Liability  Retrieved October 28, 2006, fromhttp://academic.udayton.edu/health/02organ/manage01e.htm#N_290_Tiwari, S. K., & Baldwa, M. (2001). Medical Negligence Retrieved October 28, 2006, from http://www.indianpediatrics.net/may2001/may-488-495.htm

History of National Wildlife Federation

The National Wildlife Federation was founded in 1936 by editorial cartoonist J.N. Darling. It was founded when President D. Roosevelt convened the first North American Wildlife Conference to stimulate public interest in America's land, water and natural resources. After that the General Wildlife Federation (later changed to the National Wildlife Federation) was founded. It is the nation's largest member-supported conservation group, with over 4 million members and supporters and 46 state affiliate organizations. The NWF unites many individuals, organizations, businesses and government agencies to protect wildlife, places, and the environment that we all depend on. Through many of their field offices they educate, assist and inspire people from all over to conserve wildlife and other natural resources and protect the Earth's environment in order to achieve a peaceful and sustainable future. Sixty-three years after being founded, the NWF's primary focus remains education. They provide many book's, magazines and nature programs that provide information to children and their families to bring them closer to nature and show them how to protect it. They provide many tools for individuals to conserve as much as they can at home, on campus, and in everything that they do. They also work with America's lawmakers, political leaders, business leaders and activists about environmental problems and work with them to find effective, common sense solutions. The NWF offers environmental education programs in communities, in the outdoors, and in the classroom: The Backyard Wildlife Habitat program aids and encourages landscaping with the needs of wildlife and the health of the environment in mind. Through this the NWF has certified over 20,000 properties worldwide. NWF's Campus Ecology program helps students, faculty and administrators obtain resources, tools and consultation to facilitate the establishment of campus-based conservation projects and help develop the next generation of environmental leaders. Youth and Teen Programs offer young teens and adults a chance to study about nature, learn outdoor skills and gain environmental knowledge. Nature Link program increases public awareness and appreciation of the outdoors by providing families with weekend excursions centered on environmental conservation. Conservation Summits are the NWF's outdoor adventure and education experience group. People of all ages can immerse themselves into many destinations through field trips, classes, special presentations and daily youth programs. NWF's Animal Tracks program offers online and printed conservation education materials geared for grades K-8 to assist teachers in instructing children about the environment and how to care for it. NWF's National Wildlife Week program brings free conservation materials to more than 620,000 teachers who reach more than 20 million students. It also provides information through its magazines, television and movie productions and it's World Wide Web Homepage. Some of the specific activist projects include the following: – Fertility on the Brink: Toxic Pollution Prevention – Wetlands Threats Education Materials At this moment some of the projects that the NWF is working on include: Â · Restoring strong protections for endangered sea turtles killed in shrimp trawl nets. Â · Give citizens the power to nominate specific rivers, lakes or coastal waters as Outstanding National Resource Waters to protect special waters in their communities. Â · Sources of polluted runoff water and airborne toxins should be allowed to design and obtain approval of site specific plans that are most cost efficient for that source. Â · Toxic chemicals linked to hazardous health effects must be phased out. Â · Conduct more research on the reason why amphibian populations are experiencing gross deformations, rapid population decline and sometimes complete extinction in even the most untouched ecosystems.

Grief is Not Depression Essay - 687 Words

Depression Feeling grieve over difficult life decisions such as illness, death, divorce, or job lost are often mistakenly seen as depression. Grieving is normal as long as it does not last a significant amount of time or interferes with one’s daily activities (Association). Depression causes people to experience lack of interest and pleasure in daily activities, significant weight loss or gain, insomnia or excessive sleeping, lack of energy, inability to concentrate, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. Depression is a medical illness that involves the brain. More than 20 million people in the United States alone struggle with depression (Health). Depression is most common in women and†¦show more content†¦The physical symptoms of depression are digestive problems, headaches, chest pains, dizziness, insomnia or sleeping too much, and significant weight change (VisualMD). That being said depression affects the entire body and the sensory input. The person depressed is numb to many things. Foods are not appetizing. This person only does what is essential sort of like â€Å"going with the flow.† Having a support system is essential for a recovery from depression. A person with depression tends to shut others from their lives. Depression interferes with daily life and can cause pain for both you and those around you. The first step to recovering is to talk to a friend or see a doctor or mental health specialist. The doctor can prescribe antidepressants or tell you to see a therapist. The doctor asks a variety of questions. These questions include when depression symptoms first started, how long has there been a pattern of depression, and family history of depression (VisualMD). Depression is a very treatable disease, even in severe cases. There are two major forms of treatment, psychotherapy and pharmacologic therapy. 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